If you’re looking for the top Mac options for professional video post-production in 2025, I recommend models like the MacBook Pro with M4 Max, which offers powerful processing, stunning Liquid Retina XDR displays, and extensive connectivity. The Mac mini with M4 or M4 Pro chips also provides a compact, high-performance option for demanding editing tasks. To find the perfect fit for your workflows and needs, explore further details on each model and their features.
Key Takeaways
- Top Mac models for 2025 include MacBook Pro with M4 Max, Mac mini (M4 & M4 Pro), and high-performance configurations.
- Devices feature Liquid Retina XDR displays, high brightness, and accurate color calibration essential for professional video editing.
- Hardware specs include up to 14-core CPUs, 36GB+ RAM, and GPU cores exceeding 30 for demanding post-production tasks.
- Portability varies, with MacBook Pros offering long battery life and compact mini desktops ideal for space-limited workflows.
- All models support extensive external connectivity, seamless Apple ecosystem integration, and high-speed SSD storage for large media files.
Apple MacBook Pro 14-inch with M4 Pro Processor
If you’re looking for a powerful, portable workstation for video post-production, the Apple MacBook Pro 14-inch with M4 Pro Processor is an excellent choice. Its sleek, premium design features a Space Black finish and a stunning 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display, delivering vibrant visuals with up to 1600 nits brightness and exceptional contrast. Powered by the M4 Pro chip with a 12-core CPU and 16-core GPU, it handles demanding tasks like editing, rendering, and encoding with ease. The MacBook Pro offers all-day battery life, seamless Apple ecosystem integration, and a durable, minimalistic build—making it ideal for professionals on the go.
Best For: professionals and creatives seeking a powerful, portable workstation for video editing, rendering, and encoding tasks on the go.
Pros:
- Stunning 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with vibrant visuals and high brightness
- Powerful M4 Pro chip with a 12-core CPU and 16-core GPU for demanding workflows
- Long battery life supporting up to 22 hours, ideal for all-day use
Cons:
- Premium price point may be a barrier for some users
- Limited upgradeability due to integrated design
- Slightly heavier than smaller ultraportables, which may affect portability for some users
Apple Mac mini Desktop Computer with M4 Pro Chip (512GB SSD, 24GB RAM)
The Apple Mac mini with M4 Pro chip is an excellent choice for those seeking powerful performance in a compact design. Its 12-core CPU and 16-core GPU deliver impressive speed for demanding video post-production tasks, all within a small footprint measuring just five by five inches. With 24GB of unified memory and a 512GB SSD, it handles large files and multitasking effortlessly. Connect your peripherals easily via Thunderbolt, HDMI, USB-C, or Ethernet. Seamlessly integrated with Apple’s ecosystem, it works smoothly with iPhone and iPad, making content sharing simple. This mini desktop packs professional power into a sleek, space-saving package perfect for any editing setup.
Best For: professionals and power users seeking a compact yet high-performance desktop for demanding tasks like video editing, software development, and creative work.
Pros:
- Compact and space-saving design fits easily into any workspace
- Powerful 12-core CPU and 16-core GPU deliver exceptional performance for intensive applications
- Seamless integration with Apple ecosystem facilitates effortless content sharing and device management
Cons:
- Limited upgradeability due to compact form factor
- Higher price point compared to traditional desktops with similar specs
- Ports are accessible but may require adapters for certain peripherals
Apple Mac mini Desktop Computer with M4 Chip (512GB SSD, 16GB RAM)
For those seeking a compact yet powerful workstation, the Apple Mac mini with M4 chip stands out as an ideal choice. Its 10-core CPU and GPU deliver impressive speed and fluidity, making it perfect for demanding post-production tasks. With 16GB of unified memory and a 512GB SSD, it handles multitasking and large files effortlessly. Its small size (just 5×5 inches) fits easily next to monitors or in tight spaces. Multiple ports, including Thunderbolt, HDMI, and USB-C, ensure seamless connectivity. Built around Apple silicon, it offers robust performance, enhanced privacy, and seamless integration with other Apple devices—ideal for professional video editing workflows.
Best For: professionals and power users who need a compact yet high-performance desktop for demanding tasks like video editing, 3D rendering, and multitasking.
Pros:
- Compact size fits easily in small spaces or next to monitors
- Powerful M4 chip with 10-core CPU and GPU delivers excellent speed and responsiveness
- Seamless ecosystem integration with iPhone and iPad enhances productivity
Cons:
- Limited upgrade options due to integrated design
- No dedicated graphics card, which may affect high-end gaming or specialized GPU-intensive tasks
- Higher price point compared to some other compact desktops with similar specs
Apple Mac mini Desktop Computer with M4 Chip (2024)
With its compact design and powerful M4 chip, the Apple Mac mini Desktop Computer (2024) is an ideal choice for video post-production professionals who need a space-saving yet high-performance workstation. Its five-by-five-inch footprint packs a 10-core CPU and GPU, plus 24GB of unified memory and a 512GB SSD, ensuring smooth handling of demanding editing workflows. The device features versatile ports like Thunderbolt, HDMI, and USB-C, making connectivity effortless. Seamlessly integrating with Apple’s ecosystem, it supports popular apps like Adobe Creative Cloud and Microsoft 365, while offering robust privacy and intelligent features. It’s a compact powerhouse that fits easily into any professional setup.
Best For: professionals in video post-production and creative workflows seeking a compact yet powerful workstation that seamlessly integrates with Apple devices.
Pros:
- Compact design saves space while delivering high performance with the M4 chip
- Versatile connectivity options including Thunderbolt, HDMI, and USB-C for easy device integration
- Seamless ecosystem integration enhances productivity and user experience with Apple devices
Cons:
- Limited upgradeability due to its compact, integrated design
- Higher price point compared to some traditional desktop setups with similar specs
- May lack dedicated graphics options for extremely intensive gaming or 3D rendering
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Max
If you’re looking for a powerful laptop that can handle demanding video post-production workflows, the Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Max stands out as an excellent choice. It features a 14-core CPU, 32-core GPU (expandable to 40 cores), and 36GB of unified memory, making it perfect for intensive editing and rendering tasks. The 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display delivers stunning visuals with true color accuracy, HDR support, and up to 120Hz refresh rate. Weighing just 4.73 pounds, it combines portability with performance. With impressive battery life, multiple ports, and seamless Apple ecosystem integration, this MacBook Pro is a top-tier tool for professional video post-production.
Best For: professionals in video editing, 3D rendering, and AI workflows seeking a high-performance, portable laptop with exceptional display quality.
Pros:
- Powerful M4 Max chip with up to 40-core GPU and 36GB unified memory for demanding tasks
- Stunning 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with HDR, true color, and ProMotion technology
- Excellent battery life supporting up to 21 hours of video playback and seamless ecosystem integration
Cons:
- Heavier weight at 4.73 pounds may impact portability for some users
- Premium price point compared to some Windows alternatives with similar specs
- Limited upgradeability due to integrated hardware design
Apple Mac mini Desktop Computer with M4 Chip and 16GB Memory
The Apple Mac mini Desktop Computer with M4 chip and 16GB memory stands out as an excellent choice for professionals seeking a compact yet powerful machine for video post-production. Its small five-by-five-inch design fits easily next to monitors, making it ideal for tight spaces. Powered by the M4 chip with a 10-core CPU and GPU, it delivers stunning speed and fluid performance. The 16GB unified memory and 256GB SSD ensure smooth multitasking and quick data access. With versatile ports—including Thunderbolt, HDMI, and USB-C—it offers seamless connectivity. Plus, its compatibility with macOS and Apple’s ecosystem makes it a practical, capable, and space-efficient tool for demanding post-production workflows.
Best For: professionals and creatives who need a compact, high-performance desktop for video post-production and demanding workflows.
Pros:
- Compact size fits easily into tight workspace setups
- Powerful M4 chip with 10-core CPU and GPU ensures fast, fluid performance
- Seamless connectivity with Thunderbolt, HDMI, USB-C, and macOS ecosystem
Cons:
- Limited internal storage at 256GB may require external drives for large files
- No dedicated graphics card, which could impact highly intensive graphics tasks
- May be overkill for users with basic computing needs
Apple 2023 MacBook Pro with M3 Max (16-Inch, 36GB RAM, 1TB SSD, Space Black, Renewed)
For professionals seeking powerful portability, the Apple 2023 MacBook Pro with M3 Max is an excellent choice for video post-production. It features a 16-inch display, a 4.05 GHz 14-core M3 Max processor, and 36GB of unified RAM, ensuring smooth handling of demanding tasks. The 1TB SSD offers fast storage, while the integrated 30-core GPU accelerates rendering and editing. Despite being renewed, it arrives in top condition with a battery capacity above 80%, and customer feedback highlights its performance and reliability. Weighing just 7.1 pounds, this MacBook balances power and portability perfectly for on-the-go professionals.
Best For: professionals and creative specialists seeking a powerful, portable laptop for demanding tasks like video editing, post-production, and rendering.
Pros:
- High-performance M3 Max processor with 14 cores and 36GB RAM for smooth multitasking and intensive workflows
- Large 16-inch display with excellent color accuracy and Retina quality for detailed work
- Fast 1TB SSD storage and integrated 30-core GPU for quick data access and accelerated rendering
Cons:
- Renewed condition may not include original accessories or packaging
- Heavier weight (7.1 pounds) compared to ultra-light laptops, potentially affecting portability for some users
- Not Apple certified, which might limit certain warranty or support options
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Pro
Powerful enough to handle intense video post-production workflows, the Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Pro is ideal for creative professionals demanding top-tier performance. Its M4 Pro chip, with a 14-core CPU and 20-core GPU, excels at managing demanding tasks like rendering complex effects or compiling code. The 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display offers stunning visuals with high brightness and contrast, perfect for accurate color grading. Plus, its battery life supports long editing sessions on the go. Seamlessly integrating with the Apple ecosystem, it ensures smooth compatibility with your favorite apps, making it a versatile choice for professional video editing.
Best For: creative professionals and power users who need a high-performance laptop capable of handling demanding tasks like video editing, 3D rendering, and intensive coding workflows.
Pros:
- Exceptional performance with M4 Pro chip, 14-core CPU, and 20-core GPU for demanding workloads
- Stunning 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with high brightness and contrast for accurate visuals
- Long-lasting battery life suitable for extended on-the-go work sessions
Cons:
- Premium price point may be prohibitive for some users
- Heavier and bulkier compared to other portable laptops
- Limited upgradeability due to integrated components and macOS ecosystem
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Max
If you’re looking for a laptop that can handle demanding video post-production tasks with ease, the 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Max is an excellent choice. It’s powered by M4 Max chips, which excel at rendering complex workflows like detailed 3D content and large-scale media projects. The 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display delivers stunning visuals with up to 1600 nits of peak brightness and a 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio, perfect for color grading and editing. With 36GB of unified memory and 1TB SSD storage, it supports multitasking and fast data access. Seamless Apple ecosystem integration rounds out its features, boosting productivity and user experience.
Best For: creative professionals and power users who require a high-performance laptop for demanding tasks like video post-production, 3D rendering, and large-scale media projects.
Pros:
- Exceptional performance with M4 Max chip for intensive workflows
- Stunning Liquid Retina XDR display with high brightness and contrast for color accuracy
- Seamless integration within the Apple ecosystem enhances productivity
Cons:
- Premium price point may be a barrier for some users
- Limited ports may require additional adapters for connectivity
- Battery life, while robust, can vary based on intensive task usage
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Max (14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR, 36GB RAM, 1TB SSD, Space Black)
The Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with the M4 Max chip is an ideal choice for creative professionals who demand top-tier performance in video post-production. Its 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display offers stunning visuals with 1600 nits peak brightness and a 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio, ensuring accurate color and clarity. With 36GB of unified memory and a 1TB SSD, it handles multitasking and large files effortlessly. Powered by the M4 Max chip, it excels at rendering complex workflows, while its all-day battery keeps you productive on the go. Seamless integration with the Apple ecosystem and advanced privacy features make this laptop a powerful, reliable tool for demanding post-production work.
Best For: creative professionals and demanding users needing top-tier performance in video post-production and complex workflows.
Pros:
- Exceptional display quality with 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR and high contrast ratio for vivid visuals
- Powerful M4 Max chip and 36GB RAM handle intensive multitasking and rendering with ease
- Seamless integration within the Apple ecosystem and advanced privacy features
Cons:
- Higher price point may be a barrier for some users
- Limited to macOS, which may not suit users preferring Windows environments
- Port selection could be limited for certain professional workflows
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Pro
Designed for professionals who demand top-tier performance in a portable package, the 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Pro is ideal for video post-production. Its powerful M4 Pro chip handles intensive tasks like editing and compiling large files effortlessly, while the stunning 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display guarantees vibrant visuals with deep blacks and high brightness. With 24GB of unified memory and a fast 512GB SSD, multitasking and data access are seamless. Built for Apple Silicon, it runs creative applications smoothly and integrates effortlessly with the Apple ecosystem. This laptop delivers professional-grade performance in a sleek, portable design perfect for on-the-go editing and content creation.
Best For: creative professionals and content creators who need a powerful, portable laptop for demanding tasks like video editing and 3D rendering.
Pros:
- Exceptional performance with M4 Pro chip handling intensive workflows effortlessly
- Stunning 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with high brightness and deep blacks
- Seamless integration with the Apple ecosystem and robust privacy protections
Cons:
- Higher price point may be prohibitive for some users
- Limited storage options starting at 512GB SSD, which might not be sufficient for all workloads
- Battery life, while all-day, may vary with intensive use and high-brightness settings
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Max Chip, 16-inch, 36GB RAM, 1TB SSD, Silver (Renewed)
For video post-production professionals needing powerful portability, the Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Max Chip, 16-inch, 36GB RAM, and 1TB SSD offers an exceptional solution. Its M4 Max processor handles complex workflows like rendering detailed 3D content and managing demanding editing tasks with ease. The 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display provides vivid visuals with high brightness and contrast, perfect for color grading. With all-day battery life and seamless ecosystem integration, this renewed device combines performance and portability. It’s a reliable choice for professionals who need a mobile powerhouse that can keep up with intensive post-production work wherever they are.
Best For: video post-production professionals seeking a portable, high-performance laptop capable of handling demanding workflows and color grading on the go.
Pros:
- Powerful M4 Max chip ideal for rendering detailed 3D content and complex editing tasks
- Stunning 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with high brightness and contrast for vivid visuals
- All-day battery life ensures reliable performance during mobile workflows
Cons:
- Renewed device may have less warranty coverage compared to new models
- Premium price point could be a consideration for budget-conscious buyers
- Limited ports may require adapters for certain peripherals
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Chip
If you’re seeking a powerful, portable laptop that handles demanding video post-production tasks with ease, the Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 chip is an excellent choice. Its 10-core CPU and GPU deliver incredible speed and multitasking capabilities, perfect for editing and rendering large files. The 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display offers stunning visuals with exceptional brightness and contrast, ensuring color accuracy for professional work. With 16GB of unified memory and 1TB SSD storage, it provides smooth workflow and ample space. Plus, its all-day battery life and seamless integration with other Apple devices make it ideal for on-the-go editing and collaboration.
Best For: creative professionals and power users seeking a portable, high-performance laptop for demanding tasks like video editing, rendering, and professional workflows.
Pros:
- Exceptional performance with M4 chip’s 10-core CPU and GPU for fast multitasking and editing.
- Stunning 14.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with vivid visuals and accurate colors.
- Seamless integration within the Apple ecosystem for enhanced productivity and collaboration.
Cons:
- Higher price point may be a barrier for some users.
- Limited upgrade options for RAM and storage after purchase.
- Potentially shorter battery life under intensive workloads despite all-day claims.
Apple 2024 MacBook Pro Laptop with M4 Max
The Apple 2024 MacBook Pro with M4 Max stands out as the ideal choice for video post-production professionals who need exceptional display quality and processing power. Its 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR screen delivers stunning color accuracy, HDR support, and a peak brightness of 1600 nits, making it perfect for detailed editing. Powered by the M4 Max chip, it offers a 16-core CPU, 40-core GPU, and up to 128GB of memory, ensuring smooth handling of demanding workflows. With multiple Thunderbolt, HDMI, and SDXC ports, it supports extensive external displays and peripherals. Lightweight yet powerful, this MacBook Pro combines portability with top-tier performance, ideal for professional video editing on the go.
Best For: professional video editors and content creators who require a high-performance, portable laptop with a stunning display and extensive connectivity options.
Pros:
- Exceptional 16.2-inch Liquid Retina XDR display with true color accuracy and HDR support
- Powerful M4 Max chip with up to 128GB of memory for demanding workflows
- Supports multiple external displays and peripherals via Thunderbolt, HDMI, and SDXC ports
Cons:
- Relatively heavy at approximately 4.73 pounds, which may impact portability for some users
- Premium pricing could be a barrier for budget-conscious buyers
- Dark finish may be prone to dust accumulation and fingerprints
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Mac Pro for Professional Video Post
When selecting a Mac Pro for video post-production, I consider factors like processing power, graphics capabilities, and storage options to meet my workflow needs. Connectivity choices and display quality also play vital roles in ensuring smooth editing and color accuracy. Focusing on these points helps me find a machine that balances performance and future-proofing.
Processing Power Needs
Choosing the right Mac Pro for professional video post-production hinges on understanding processing power requirements. For editing 4K and 8K footage smoothly, you need a multi-core CPU with at least 12 cores, which drastically cuts rendering times and boosts real-time playback. A powerful GPU, like a 32-core or higher configuration, is essential for handling effects and ensuring smooth visual processing. Ample RAM—preferably 64GB or more—keeps multitasking seamless and prevents lag when working with large files. Fast storage solutions, such as multi-terabyte SSDs, are critical for quick data transfer and project management. Ultimately, prioritizing high processing power ensures your Mac Pro can handle intensive workflows efficiently, saving you time and improving overall productivity.
Graphics Capabilities
A powerful GPU is vital for professional video post-production, as it directly impacts rendering speeds and playback smoothness. I look for a high core count GPU, such as 32 or 40 cores, to handle demanding tasks like high-resolution rendering efficiently. Support for hardware-accelerated codecs like ProRes, HEVC, and AV1 ensures smooth encoding, decoding, and real-time editing of complex video files. Ample VRAM, ideally 48GB or more, allows seamless editing of large 4K and 8K footage without bottlenecks. Compatibility with external high-speed graphics interfaces like Thunderbolt 5 or DisplayPort 2.1 is essential for connecting multiple high-resolution monitors and external GPU enclosures. Ultimately, advanced architectures supporting real-time ray tracing and AI-enhanced rendering can greatly improve visual effects quality and reduce overall rendering times.
Storage Requirements
Having a powerful GPU is just one part of building a capable video post-production workstation; storage also plays a vital role. I recommend ensuring your Mac Pro has at least 1TB of SSD storage, preferably more, to manage large video files and project assets without bottlenecks. Speed matters too—NVMe SSDs offer faster read/write times, which considerably improves editing workflows. As you work with higher resolutions like 4K, 8K, or beyond, your storage needs will grow, so plan for future expansion. Check if the Mac Pro supports external drives or expansion options to supplement internal storage, giving you flexibility. Also, pair ample storage with higher RAM for smoother handling of big files and multitasking, ensuring your system remains responsive during intensive projects.
Connectivity Options
To guarantee a seamless workflow in professional video post-production, it’s essential that your Mac Pro offers versatile and high-speed connectivity options. I look for multiple Thunderbolt 4 or Thunderbolt 5 ports to handle fast data transfers and connect several external devices simultaneously. HDMI ports capable of supporting 4K or 8K video output are crucial for connecting professional monitors and editing hardware. I also check for SDXC or other camera card slots to easily import media directly from cameras. USB-C or USB-A ports are vital for peripherals like external drives, audio interfaces, and control surfaces. Lastly, a well-designed port layout ensures accessibility and minimizes the need for adapters or hubs, streamlining my workflow and reducing clutter. Efficient connectivity is key to a productive editing environment.
Display Quality
When selecting a Mac Pro for professional video post-production, display quality becomes a top priority because it directly impacts your ability to see fine details and accurate colors. A high-resolution display, such as a 16-inch or larger screen, ensures sharp, detailed visuals essential for precise editing. Look for a display with a wide color gamut like P3 or Adobe RGB, which allows for accurate color reproduction critical for color grading. Peak brightness levels of 1000 nits or higher are crucial for viewing HDR content, ensuring proper contrast and highlights. Features like ProMotion technology with up to 120Hz refresh rates provide smooth motion and reduce blur during editing. An excellent display also includes true tone technology and HDR support, maintaining color consistency and dynamic range throughout your workflow.
Budget Considerations
Choosing a Mac Pro for professional video post-production requires careful consideration of your budget, as prices can vary widely depending on the configuration. High-end models can cost several thousand dollars, so setting a realistic budget is vital to avoid overspending. Your financial limits may restrict options for additional storage, RAM, or advanced GPU upgrades, which are important for smooth editing workflows. Investing within your budget ensures you can also afford necessary accessories and peripherals that boost productivity. Additionally, thinking about future-proofing features like increased RAM or faster processors can influence your initial investment, helping you stay current longer. Striking a balance between cost and essential specifications helps you get the best value without compromising your workflow or quality.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Thermal Management Impact Long-Term Video Editing Performance?
Thermal management is essential for maintaining long-term video editing performance. When my Mac Pro’s cooling system works effectively, it prevents overheating, allowing the processor and GPU to run at ideal speeds without throttling. Good thermal management means I can work longer sessions without crashes or slowdowns, ensuring smooth editing and rendering. Poor cooling, on the other hand, causes performance drops and potential hardware damage, which I definitely want to avoid.
What External Accessories Optimize Mac Pro’s Video Editing Capabilities?
External accessories can substantially boost my Mac Pro’s video editing capabilities. I rely on a high-quality external monitor for color accuracy, a fast Thunderbolt 3 or 4 drive for quick storage, and a calibrated color calibration tool to guarantee precise visuals. While my Mac handles heavy processing, these accessories create a seamless workflow, much like a well-tuned orchestra, ensuring I deliver professional results efficiently and with exceptional quality.
How Does Future-Proofing Influence Choice Between M4 Pro and M4 Max?
Future-proofing heavily influences my choice between the M4 Pro and M4 Max. I prioritize longevity and future software updates, so I lean toward the M4 Max for its higher performance and expanded capabilities. It’s a smarter investment for me, ensuring I stay efficient and compatible with upcoming demanding editing software. While the M4 Pro might suffice now, I prefer the extra headroom the Max offers for long-term professional video post-production.
Are Software Compatibility Issues Common With Latest Mac Pro Models?
Software compatibility issues aren’t very common with the latest Mac Pro models, especially since Apple guarantees major updates support their hardware for years. I’ve found that most professional video editing tools run smoothly, but occasionally, some niche plugins or older software might need updates or workarounds. It’s always smart to verify your essential software’s compatibility before upgrading, but overall, I haven’t faced significant hurdles.
What Are the Best Upgrade Options for Storage and RAM?
I recommend upgrading your Mac Pro with the maximum RAM, ideally 128GB or more, to handle large video files smoothly. For storage, opt for a high-capacity SSD, like 4TB or 8TB, to guarantee fast read/write speeds and ample space for projects. These upgrades boost performance and future-proof your setup, making your post-production workflow more efficient and seamless.
Conclusion
No matter which Mac you choose, investing in the right specs makes all the difference for professional video post-production. I get it—it’s tempting to go for the latest or most affordable option. But remember, your creative work deserves a machine that keeps up with your vision. Prioritize performance and future-proofing, and you’ll find your workflow smoother, allowing your creativity to truly shine without technical bottlenecks.
